Having visibly appealing abs - the so-called “six-pack” - has almost nothing to do with training abs! The key to seeing your abs is low body fat. Someone with very muscular abs who has high body fat will not see any definition, and someone who has not trained their abs at all with low body fat will see plenty of definition. In order to see abs, most men have to reach at least 10% body fat or lower, while women must reach 14% or lower.



The abdominal muscle is a large slab of muscle. The shape of the six-pack is due to tendons that stretch across the muscle. You cannot change a tendon’s size, position, or shape through training, so the shape of your six-pack will not change.

Abdominal muscles bulge in their relaxed state. The abdominal wall is pulled flat when it contracts. If you improperly train abs, either by training to add significant mass and/or by neglecting other supporting muscles, your abs will protrude. You can see this in certain sports, such as professional wrestling - certain athletes is so lean that you can see their six-pack, but their stomach protrudes as if they have a beer gut! While it is possible to store fat internally (i.e. “beer gut”) and still have little fat underneath the skin, this condition is more than likely due to overtraining the abdominal wall while neglecting supporting muscles.

The pelvic girdle is a group of internal muscles that support your internal organs. When you perform abdominal work, your internal organs can shift and change your center of gravity. This is most evident when someone is performing hanging leg or knee raises and begins swinging. By engaging the pelvic girdle during abdominal training, you not only strengthen your center of balance, but force more tension on the abdominal wall. The pelvic girdle is tightened by clenching your insides - squeezing your rectum or performing the same action as cutting off the flow of urine. This exercise is known as the Kegel, and men as well as women can perform these. By performing a Kegel during abdominal work, you ensure not only that the pelvic girdle is strengthened at the same time, but also that you are building a strong core or center of balance. A proper hanging knee raise or leg raise will result in no swinging whatsoever - the torso will remain still and movement will be only around the pelvic area and through the legs.

The transversus is another internal muscle that serves to pull the abdominal wall back. The transversus is contracted when you suck in your gut or try to pull your belly through your lower back. If you work your abdominal wall without working your transversus, the abdominal wall may increase in mass and begin to bulge or protrude. By keeping your stomach pulled in and tight during abdominal training, you strengthen the transversus at the same time. You can also perform an exercise known as the “vacuum” frequently to further strengthen the transversus - vacuums (where you simply pull in your gut and keep it pulled in while breathing slowly) can be performed while driving or even standing in line at the supermarket.

The obliques are muscles that run diagonally across the abdominal wall and are attached to bone at your sides. Increasing the size of your obliques can increase the width of your waist, but not necessarily the circumference. These are “muscular love handles.” Some people avoid training obliques for that reason. There are many sports-specific applications for working the obliques - contact sports such as football require the ability to maintain balance while twisting, and strong obliques are critical for this. Because obliques cross over the abdominal wall, having strong obliques means that your abdominal wall will be pulled flat (as with the transversus). Therefore, while training obliques may increase the width of your waist, it can also serve to pull your stomach flatter!

The spinal erectae are a group of muscles that support the lower back and spine. They work in conjunction with the abdominal wall, obliques, and transversus, similar to the way that the biceps and triceps or deltoids and lat muscles work together. Neglecting your spinal erectae can result in an imbalance that will pull at your spine and cause lower back pain. Effective back exercises that should be balanced with abdominal training include good mornings, hyperextensions, and dead-lifts.

The abdominal wall and supporting muscles are not “special” in the sense that they require constant training. Because these muscles form your core strength and stabilize your torso, almost any activity will work these muscles - from a bench press to running. Therefore, the notion that they need to be trained every day is flawed. Training your core once or twice a week should be sufficient. Because the core muscle group does contract constantly to stabilize your torso, these muscles typically contain more “endurance” fiber - this means that higher repetition training may be beneficial. By higher rep training, I’m referring to the 12 - 15 rep range. Performing 50 - 100 crunches simply means that you are using other muscles such as the hip flexors and not isolating the core muscles appropriately. When you isolate the core muscles, perform a vacuum and a Kegel, and balance training of the abdominal wall with the lower back, you can build strong, functional core strength using only body weight and moderate reps.

Add some well-balanced nutrition and 2 - 3 cardio sessions per week, and you’ll be well on your way to a well-defined “six-pack”!

The Ab Routine
I recommend a standard core strength routine that fits itself to almost everyone. The reason this fits most people is due to various levels. You begin with the first level and work your way forward. Most people will not get past the first few levels for several months. It can take a trained athlete months and possibly years to reach the final level, depending on their existing core strength.

The following table is a "key" to each level:

Level 1:
3 sets of crunches

Level 2:
2 sets of crunches
1 set of hanging knee raises (knees remain bent)

Level 3:
1 set of crunches
2 sets of hanging knee raises

Level 4:
1 set of crunches
2 sets of hanging knee raises
1 set of parallel leg raises (legs remain straight)

Level 5:
1 set of crunches
1 set of hanging knee raises
2 sets of parallel leg raises

Level 6:
1 set of crunches
1 set of hanging knee raises
2 sets of parallel leg raises
1 set of full leg raises (you are inverted at the end, legs over head)

Level 7:
1 set of crunches
1 set of hanging knee raises
1 set of parallel leg raises
1 set of full leg raises
1 set of inverted scissors

The instructions are simple. Begin with level 1. Attempt to perform 15 repetitions for each set. You rest exactly 1 minute between sets. For level 1, you attempt 3 sets of 15 floor crunches. If you succeed in completing the entire level, then you advance to the next level.

Only when you can successfully complete 15 continuous reps of each exercise prescribed do you advance to the next level. This may seem simple. In practice, however, it is very difficult.

Here are a few guidelines for performing these exercises:

• Practice pulling your stomach in and keeping it in. Imagine pulling your belly button through your lower back. This will be referred to as a "vacuum". This is very important, because it engages the transversus muscle, a muscle underneath your abdominal muscle. Without engaging this muscle, which is responsible for pulling your stomach flat, your abs will begin to protrude!
• Learn what a Kegel is. In simple terms, this is the contraction you make when squeezing your insides or stopping the flow or urine. While it is commonly known amongst women who have given birth to children, men can actually perform this exercise as well. When you clench your insides, you stabilize your pelvic girdle, which holds all of your organs. This will stabilize your center of balance.
• Maintain the vacuum and Kegel throughout the duration of every set! If you cannot hold both for the entire time, make sure you "reset" or start a new vacuum and Kegel with every rep (i.e. if you lose one or the other during rep 5, reset them at the beginning of rep 6 and keep going).

You can easily perform these exercises hanging from a pull-up doorframe attachment instead of using the ab-straps - this will actually improve your grip strength. If you find that you have trouble holding on, i.e. your wrists fail before your abdominal muscles do, then you might consider investing in a pair of wrist-wraps to help you maintain your grip. These are very inexpensive.

You may have seen individuals performing hanging abdominal work. They were swinging wildly and possibly had someone holding their back still. This is incorrect form and is mainly working the hip flexors. If you follow the simple steps outlined above, your torso will remain still and vertical; the only movement will be from your abdominal muscles. You will curl up, bringing your pelvis towards your sternum, and hold this. The tempo for all exercises is 211 (one second to contract upwards, 1 second pause, then 2 seconds to return to the start position.

« This is the start position. It is the same for all exercises. When you start doing the full leg raises, you might start hanging with your hands rather than the abdominal straps, depending on which is easier.













» This is the end position for a knee raise. Simply curl your pelvis upward, keeping your legs bent. Exhale before contracting then inhale as you return to the start position.







« This is the end position for the parallel leg raise. It is similar to the knee raise, except that you keep your legs fairly straight (not locked, but only slightly bent).







» This is the end position for the full leg raise. You bring your legs all the way over your head. Remember, however, that you still must lower in a controlled fashion, taking two full seconds to return to the start position. If you find yourself "falling" then count that set as over with and attempt more reps the next workout.








To perform the vertical scissors, you must start with a full leg raise. You stay at the inverted position. You start with your legs together then spread them wide, as illustrated. You then close your legs to complete the rep.






Do not return to the hanging position until all of your reps are completed. Your abdominal muscles will stay continually contracted to stabilize your body in the inverted position as you perform the reps.

When you have completed the entire workout, you should consider your lower back. The best exercise to perform for lower back is a "hyperextension". This can be done with a hyperextension machine or a Swiss workout ball.

You lie on your stomach with your hips supported. Your torso hangs down, inverted, with your legs parallel to the ground. You then bend at the waist and raise your torso until your entire body is parallel. You can perform 3 sets of 15 reps of this exercise then begin adding weight as needed. To add weight, either use wrist weights or hold a plate behind your head.

If you are interested in learning more about core exercises and how to firm and flatten your abs, I highly recommend the eBook Flatten Your Abs. Written by David Grisaffi, a C.H.E.K. certified fitness trainer, this guide contains 42 exercises, six levels of workouts (from beginner to elite athlete), and a focus on not just your abdominals, but your entire core (including your lower back). Click here to find out more about this incredible guide.

Jeremy Likness is the author of the popular guide to permanent fat loss, Become the Journey.